Librations

Librations

(glossary entry)

Table of Contents

[#Librations Librations]

[#Librations-Description Description]

[#Librations-Additional Information Additional Information]

[#Librations-LPOD Articles LPOD Articles]

[#toc4 ]

[#Librations-Bibliography Bibliography]

Description

Changes in the orientation of the Moon as seen from Earth, expressed in terms of the [/selenographic%20coordinates selenographic] longitude and latitude of the observed center (also known as the [/Sub-Earth%20point Sub-Earth point]).
 
 

Additional Information

• The Moon basically keeps the same face (the "nearside") pointed towards the Earth. However, its exact orientation is constantly changing at the level of a few degrees.
• By convention, the surface feature at the [/Oppolzer%20A average center point] of this apparent disk is taken as the point of zero longitude and latitude. At any moment, features up to about 12° from this point can occupy the apparent center. The librations refer to the longitude and latitude of the feature currently seen at the Moon's apparent center.
• The major part of the Moon's libration in latitude is due to the inclination of the Moon's spin axis relative to the plane of of its orbit. This amounts to a variation of about ±6½° in the latitude of the observed center point (Roncoli, 2005, puts the maximum at 6.87°).
• The major part of the Moon's libration in longitude is due to its spinning like a top at constant velocity (relative to the stars), yet travelling in an elliptical orbit (which causes our angle of viewing it to change at a varying speed). The result is that the apparent center point varies by around ±8° in longitude (Roncoli, 2005, puts the maximum at 8.16°).
• In addition to these basic rocking motions, an observer's exact location on Earth will can change his perspective. An observer in the Earth's far north sees more of the Moon's northern parts; while one observing the Moon at moonrise sees more of the leading limb. This affect alters the coordinates of the apparent center by up to about ±1°. These true librations, as actually seen by the observer, are called the topocentric librations (as opposed to the geocentric librations -- which are computed for an imaginary observer at the Earth's center, and, although frequently tabulated in Almanacs, seldom apply to any real observer).
• Any variation beyond that which can be attributed to an idealized spinning top (such as would be observed if the Moon's spin rate about its axis were not perfectly constant) is categorized as a physical libration.
• The Moon's librations tend to make the observed center point wander around the "official" center in a quasi-circular or elliptical pattern. It would be rare, indeed, for the point of zero longitude and latitude (the "[/Oppolzer%20A mean center]") to actually be observed in the center, and even then, it would be seen so only for a single observer.
• The librations in longitude and latitude are frequently abbreviated by the letters "l" and "b" although this convention is by no means universal. "L" and "B" were probably originally abbreviations for the German words "länge" (longitude) and "breite" (latitude). On diagrams, and in mathematical discussions they are sometimes replaced by the Greek letters lambda and beta, although again, this is not a universal conention.
• The magnitudes of the librations are traditionally stated as +/- numbers (rather than N-S/E-W). As indicated in the definition, these are the selenographic coordinates of the Moon's apparent center. In longitude ("l"), positive values are in the [/Mare%20Crisium Mare Crisium] direction. In latitude ("b"), they are in the [/Mare%20Frigoris Mare Frigoris] direction. Hence a "+" value for "l" means the [/Mare%20Crisium Mare Crisium] limb is tipped into view. A "+" value for "b" means the [/Mare%20Frigoris Mare Frigoris] limb is tipped into view. The convention that longitudes towards [/Mare%20Crisium Mare Crisium] are positive is a very old one, so no change in the way librations are stated or understood was required when the IAU [/IAU%20Directions reversed] the meaning of "east" and "west" on the Moon.

LPOD Articles

See LPOD list in page Limb
 

Bibliography

• Libration (Wikipedia)
• Ralph B. Roncoli. 2005. Lunar Constants and Models Document. JPL Technical Document D-32296.
• Weimer, Th. 1979. Cartography of the marginal zones of the moon. Moon and the Planets, vol. 20, Apr. 1979, p. 157-162. In French.

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This page has been edited 1 times. The last modification was made by - tychocrater tychocrater on Jun 13, 2009 3:24 pm - mgx2